Complex II (KII), on the other hand, starts with the attack defense and continues with a set and a counterattack. Complex I (KI), for instance, starts with the service reception and continues with the set and the attack. Each type of complex differs from the others based primarily on the initial defensive action ( Hileno and Buscà, 2012). In both training and competition, these actions are usually grouped into game complexes (each of which is denoted by the letter K, followed by a numeral) so that the structure and dynamics of the game can be understood more easily ( Rodríguez-Ruiz et al., 2011). The playing actions that can take place during a rally are the serve, reception, set, attack, block, defense, and counterattack ( Selinger and Ackermann-Blount, 1992). The official rules published by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (2016) define a rally as “the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the server until the ball is out of play” (p. Each team can use up to three hits (excluding the block and a consecutive contact at the first hit of a team) to send the ball over the net. The objective is to send the ball over the net and make it touch the floor in the opposite team’s court. Volleyball is a sport in which two teams compete against each other from opposite sides of a court divided by a net. The most frequent sequence was Complex 0 (the serve), followed by Complex I with in-system attack, followed by Complex II without continuity. These chains provide practical information regarding which sequences of complexes occur most frequently in the competition analyzed, and therefore which ones should be the main focus in training sessions. ![]() The second chain combined the game complex and complex efficacy variables, taking 26 states and 125 transitions into consideration. The first chain looked only at categories of the game complex variable, taking seven states and 24 transitions into consideration. Two Markov chains were defined to visualize how the complexes are sequenced. The variables analyzed were the game complex, complex efficacy, and number of complexes per point. ![]() The study analyzed 4,252 complexes from 1,176 rallies or points (seven matches, with 27 sets in total) in the 20 Copa de la Reina. The purpose of this study was to find out which game complexes are most common in women’s volleyball and how those phases are sequenced. This unique aspect of volleyball means that playing actions can be grouped into different complexes, mainly based on the initial defensive action. In volleyball, each team must use no more than three hits to return the ball to the opponent’s court. ![]() 3LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.2Faculty of Education Science, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.1National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.Raúl Hileno 1 Marta Arasanz 1 Antonio García-de-Alcaraz 2,3*
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